Archive for the ‘Business Ethics’ Category

SNC-Lavalin’s murky affair shows need to tighten Canadian bribery law

March 29th, 2012 by admin | No Comments | Filed in Business Ethics, Corruption

According to the Globe and Mail,”The company’s status makes the murky affair they reported this week a black eye for Canadian business. Worse, the questions it raises – about whether money made it to the hands of a foreign official – underlines a weakness. Canada has a poor reputation for tackling bribery.”

The First Seven Months of the SEC Dodd Frank Whistleblower Program

March 26th, 2012 by admin | No Comments | Filed in Business Ethics

A good friend of EthicScan Donna Boehme has wriiten a review of the program.As she notes”Now that the SEC has logged at least seven full months of the Dodd Frank whistleblower program, it’s worth taking a moment for a brief status check on what we have learned so far. To do that we might consider two available clues: a public comment from an SEC official and the fate of a GE whistleblower who is suing the company for retaliation.”To see Donna’s views on the general status of whistleblowing and the emerging issues I would suggest you read about that further here.

The Integrity of the Game

March 22nd, 2012 by admin | 1 Comment | Filed in Business Ethics

“The penalties handed out by NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell to the coaches and executives of the New Orleans Saints organization for the bounty program practiced down on the bayou were perhaps the stiffest in the history of the game.If only those on Wall Street and in Washington overseeing our financial markets had the same principles.”From a posting by Larry Doyle.

Photos of Attractive Female Job Seekers Stir Up HR Jealousy

March 22nd, 2012 by admin | No Comments | Filed in Business Ethics

As Bradley J. Ruffle an associate professor of economics at Ben-Gurion University in Israel writes on the HBR Business Blog”You’d certainly stand out from the crowd, and with personal boundaries getting fuzzier and everyone’s pictures on Facebook anyway, what’s the harm of showing an employer what you look like?
The truth is, you could be hurting your chances as well as contributing to a bigger problem: allowing bias to creep into companies’ hiring processes.”

Business Ethics: Concepts, Cases, and Canadian Perspectives

March 20th, 2012 by admin | 1 Comment | Filed in Business Ethics

“This text draws on the expertise of many of Canada’s leading scholars of business ethics to provide lively and accessible coverage of the issues. Geared specifically to introductory Business Ethics courses, it offers an overview of basic concepts and key debates. Numerous case studies are featured throughout, along with thoughtful analysis of the issues by contributors.”

Why I Am Leaving Goldman Sachs

March 20th, 2012 by admin | 2 Comments | Filed in Business Ethics, Decision Making

When you reflect on the reasons Greg Smith chose to leave Goldman Sachs and place yourselves in his shoes,would you be inclined to make the same decision?Have you ever found yourself or know of other people who found themselves in similar circumstances?What were they?What decision did they take?What considerations factored into their decision to stay or leave?

OECD Principles of Corporate Governance

March 3rd, 2012 by admin | 1 Comment | Filed in Business Ethics, CSR

The Principles were last updated in 2004. This booklet contains the text of the 2004 revision of the Principles. Download the different language versions in PDF file format:

Are MBA Programs Are Failing in Ethics?

February 9th, 2012 by admin | 3 Comments | Filed in Business Ethics, Ethical Development, Ethics training

Business schools do a poor job of teaching students business ethics. Pro or con?
Read the debate by guest columnists Michael Beer and Mary Gentile and watch the video with Bloomberg Businessweek.com reporter Joel Stonington

Behavioral Ethics: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Moral Judgment and Dishonesty

February 1st, 2012 by admin | No Comments | Filed in Business Ethics

Download the PDF. What makes even good people cross ethical boundaries? Society demands that business and professional schools address ethics, but the results have been disappointing. This paper argues that a behavioral approach to ethics is essential because it leads to understanding and explaining moral and immoral behavior in systematic ways.

Reuters Investigates Ethics in economics? Who cares?

January 25th, 2012 by admin | No Comments | Filed in Business Ethics, Organizational Ethics

Back in December, a Reuters investigation examined the ties between economists who testify to Congress on financial regulation and big financial institutions.

A Reuters review of 96 testimonies given by 82 academics to the Senate Banking Committee and the House Financial Services Committee between late 2008 and early 2010 — as lawmakers debated the biggest overhaul of financial regulation since the 1930s — found no clear standard for disclosure.

In fact, roughly a third did not reveal their financial affiliations in their testimonies, based on a comparison of the text of their testimonies available on the Congressional committees’ websites with their resumes available online.

“Stress” Taking a Heavy Toll on Compliance and Ethics Professionals

January 14th, 2012 by admin | 2 Comments | Filed in Business Ethics, Organizational Ethics, Trust

“On-the-job stress leading to sleepless nights and thoughts of quitting work

MINNEAPOLIS, Jan. 10, 2012 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ — At a time when the public’s attention is focused on the need for greater corporate integrity, the majority of compliance and ethics professionals report that they often wake during the middle of the night with job-related worries and they have considered quitting their jobs due to the stress. This disturbing data was revealed in a recent survey conducted in October and November of 2011 by the Society of Corporate Compliance and Ethics and the Health Care Compliance Association.

Overall, 58% of survey respondents reported that they often wake up during the middle of the night worrying about job-related stress and 60% report having considered leaving their job in the last 12 months due to job-related stress.

Compliance and ethics professionals also report that keeping up with new and changing laws and regulations, preventing compliance and ethics violations, and remediating compliance and ethics violations are the greatest contributors to on-the-job stress.

“Six out of ten people waking up in the middle of the night from job related stress is unacceptable for any profession. The Compliance profession’s purpose is to prevent and detect the problems that have occurred in organizations such as Enron, Tyco, and Penn State University. There are reasons those who came before the Compliance profession stopped short of fixing these problems. Fixing these problems is very difficult and stressful. SCCE and HCCA will work to help their 10,000 members deal with this stress. We have dedicated a day and a half strategic planning session in January 2011 to this issue and this issue alone. However, we can only do so much. Compliance professionals, who are asked to do this difficult job, need support from leadership, reasonable authority, and independence. If society wants to us deal with these issues—so difficult that others have chosen to look the other way—then society should make an effort to support this profession,” said SCCE and HCCA Chief Executive Officer Roy Snell.

Most compliance and ethics professionals report that adversarial relationships with their colleagues, adds to job-related stress. Fifty-eight percent of respondents felt they are in an adversarial situation or isolated from colleagues in other departments. Compliance and ethics professionals positively rated their relationship with the legal department; 54% gave it a “5″ rating while another 26% gave it a “4″ rating. However, the relationship with the sales, marketing, and manufacturing departments was clearly the poorest with 14% rating it a “5″ and only 24% rating it a “4″.”

Survey Forecasts ‘Looming Ethics Downturn’ in Corporate America

January 7th, 2012 by admin | 2 Comments | Filed in Business Ethics

As Business Ethics magazine notes”Those are the primary conclusions of the seventh National Business Ethics Survey (NBES) conducted by the Ethics Resource Center, a Washington, D.C.-based non-profit organization. The bi-annual report is based on telephone and web responses from 4,683 employees of for-profit organizations during September 2011.”

Knowledge@Wharton Business Ethics Research Article Business vs. Ethics: The India Tradeoff?

January 3rd, 2012 by admin | No Comments | Filed in Business Ethics

“As Ratan Tata, chairman of the Tata Group, observed, “If you choose not to participate in [corruption], you leave behind a fair amount of business.”

Much has been written about the benefits of doing business in India — low input costs, easy access to labor and a massive consumer base. Less has been said about the ability of companies in India to thrive by bending rules, greasing palms and broadening ethical boundaries. At a time when the issue of corruption threatens the stability of the Indian government and scandals unearthed in sectors from sports to telecommunications total tens of billions of dollars, it is becoming increasingly critical for multinational managers to ask whether business

Boards of Directors and Compliance: 4 Areas of Inquiry by Thomas Fox

December 27th, 2011 by admin | 2 Comments | Filed in Business Ethics, Leadership, Organizational Ethics

“In an article in the December 2011 issue of Compliance Week magazine entitled “Board Checklist: What Every Director Should Know,” author Jaclyn Jaeger reported on a panel discussion at the Association of Corporate Counsel’s 2011 Annual Meeting, held in October. The discussion was centered on four core areas upon which directors should focus their attention: (1) structure, (2) culture, (3) areas of risk and (4) forecasts.”

A Code of Ethics for Mediation – a Brazilian experience

December 25th, 2011 by admin | No Comments | Filed in Business Ethics, Organizational Ethics

In Brazil nowadays there are three Codes of Ethics devoted to Mediation. “The first one, published in 1997, was drawn up by CONIMA – The National Council of Mediation and Arbitration Institutions – an organization that is made up of entities dedicated to the teaching and practice of Mediation. The second one, published in 2010 by the National Council of Justice – CNJ, along with Resolution #125 of November, 2010. This Resolution determined the practice of Mediation as a Public Policy all over the Court Houses in the country, establishing at the same time guidelines for the qualification of mediators. The third one came afterwards, published in August 18th, 2011 by FONAME – The National Forum of Mediation an organization that also encompasses institutions devoted to the teaching and the practice of Mediation in the country.”

What Impedes Oil and Gas Companies’ Transparency?

December 6th, 2011 by admin | No Comments | Filed in Business Ethics, Corruption

This article examines what determines oil and gas companies’ transparency in reporting on business activities in host countries where they operate. It founnd that the index of transparency across host countries is lower the more corrupt the host country, the higher the number of nationalizations in that host country in the past, and the fewer the number of oil and gas companies operating in the host country.

The Ethics of Honey

December 4th, 2011 by admin | 1 Comment | Filed in Business Ethics, CSR, Sustainability

“We’ve been reading the news about the tainted honey from China being foisted on American markets from lack of oversight–and when you come right down to it–a lack of ethics, putting profit before people. But there are other unethical beekeeping practices of which you might not be aware.”

Islamic business ethics

November 27th, 2011 by admin | No Comments | Filed in Business Ethics

In this article we understand an approach to business ethics from the tradition of Islam “Ethics is defined as the set of moral principles that distinguish what is right from what is wrong. Islam places the highest emphasis on ethical values in all aspects of human life. Business ethics, simply limits its frame of reference to organisations engaged in commerce using set of principles time being in vogue. The term is more closely related to Quranic term khuluq. Islam demands its believers to observe certain norms and moral codes in their all spheres of private and public life.”

This paper focuses on how trust—a key cultural factor—affects firms’ decision-making

November 23rd, 2011 by admin | No Comments | Filed in Business Ethics, Decision Making, Organizational Ethics, Trust

“Economists have been paying increasing attention to the role that culture plays in a firm’s overall performance. This paper focuses on how trust—a key cultural factor—affects firms’ decision-making process, size, and productivity. Research was conducted by Nicholas Bloom of Stanford University, Rafaella Sadun of the Harvard Business School, and John Van Reenen of the London School of Economics. Key concepts include:

If a firm is headquartered in a country where trust is prevalent (such as Sweden), it is much more likely to decentralize its decision making than if it is headquartered in a country in which trust is rarer (such as India). In short, higher trust leads to more decentralization.
Trust also enables a firm to hire a large number of plant managers, because the CEO will feel comfortable delegating decisions to their direct reports without spending too much time on supervision. Thus, higher trust increases firm size.
Higher trust increases the marginal value of information technology’s effect on productivity.”

The decision to “blow the whistle” involves complex interactions of worker’s ethical obligations to the public, employer and to himself.

November 20th, 2011 by admin | No Comments | Filed in Business Ethics, Case Studies, Corruption, Organizational Ethics

According to this article from the Jerusalem Post,”Whistle-blowing is one of the most fascinating topics in business ethics. The decision to “blow the whistle” on perceived misconduct involves complex interactions of the worker’s ethical obligations to the public, to the employer and to himself. The potential whistle-blower can be a low-level or high-level employee.”

Public funds wasted on mining ‘counsellor’ Watchdog only valuable if it protects Canada’s reputation, betters industry

November 16th, 2011 by admin | 6 Comments | Filed in Business Ethics, CSR, Public Sector/Government

Ottawa Citizen’s Kate Heartfield’s piece on a Canada’s mining sort-of-ombudsman who’s had two cases in two years, one of which died when the mining company pulled out. “That’s what you get when you can only investigate parties who consent to be investigated.”

COMMENTARY: Good Ethics Really is Good Business -Michael Josephson

November 16th, 2011 by admin | 1 Comment | Filed in Business Ethics, Organizational Ethics

“Recently, the Wharton School of Business published a book called Firms of Endearment: How World Class Companies Profit from Passion and Purpose, making the strongest case I’ve seen that good ethics really is good business.”Sample the book here

Profiting from the Golden Rule-by Fred Reichheld

October 28th, 2011 by admin | No Comments | Filed in Business Ethics

We are reproducing his full post here as the issues he raises are succinctly defined best in his own words.”
” Listen in on MBA classes and corporate conferences and you will hear a lot of talk about the need for inspiring missions, ethical behavior and transcendent purpose. And judging from the “core values” statements in most annual reports, the vast majority of business leaders want their companies to grow by enriching the lives of their customers and employees.

And yet, this can often sound like so much fluff in the real business world. Our system of financial accounting rewards quarterly profits, but struggles mightily to place a value on ethical behavior. Even accounting rules specifically dealing with reputation — goodwill and intangible assets — are subject to frequent rule changes and endless debate.

Perhaps the accountants are just overcomplicating a basic idea. Reputation is earned through the simple, age-old concept of the Golden Rule: treat others as you yourself would want to be treated. Each time you live up to the Golden Rule, your reputation is enhanced; each time you fail, it is diminished. And the mathematics of long-term financial success — revenues, profits, cash flow — square perfectly with this scorecard.

We all want to be treated with honor and respect in ways, large and small, that enrich our lives. Such experiences not only make us happy, we want to share them with people we care about. By recommending an experience, we’re signaling our trust that our friends will be treated similarly. Recommendations also signal to businesses how customers view their relationship with the company. When customers feel so well treated that they enthusiastically recommend a company to friends, they are promoters. When treated so badly they recommend avoiding the company, they are detractors. Both have direct and measurable economic consequences.

This is the concept at the heart of the Net Promoter system, which my colleague Rob Markey and I describe in our book, published last month. The Net Promoter system focuses the entire organization on generating promoters, who buy more, stay longer, refer friends and even provide useful feedback and ideas. It also helps minimize the number of costly detractors. A recent research project we conducted found that across multiple industries, the company with the leading Net Promoter score typically grew more than twice as fast as their competitors.

That should keep the accountants happy. But for companies, executives and employees, there’s also an inspirational dimension: the system provides them with a practical way to measure how consistently they treat people right. You might call it the Golden Ruler.

That’s how Walt Bettinger, chief executive of Charles Schwab, describes his company’s Net Promoter system when recommending it to other CEOs:

“First, I ask them if they believe in the importance of the Golden Rule — that ancient moral and ethical principle that we should treat people the way we would want to be treated. They always nod emphatically and say, ‘Yes, of course.’ So then I ask them what they do to measure how consistently they and their organization are living the Golden Rule each day. Their typical response: ‘Well, it would be great if we could measure it, but there’s no practical way to do that.’ To which I reply that there most certainly is a way. In fact, at Schwab, we have been using the Net Promoter System to measure our Golden Rule compliance for more than five years, and it works brilliantly. Net Promoter is the first screen I open when I boot up my computer each morning. It lets me know for each part of our company how we are performing in living up to our core values. By making NPS a top priority, we have become a better company — not just in terms of living our core values, but also in terms of profitable growth.”

Bettinger is not alone. CEO Dan Cathy explains the winning strategy at Chick-fil-A in similar terms: “We strive to deliver something for which there is unlimited demand–being treated with honor and respect. There seems to be a very limited supply of that in today’s world.”

These CEOs have not discovered a new concept: in one form or another, the Golden Rule is a pillar of most of the world’s great religions and it also lies at the heart of secular ethics. Business ethicists Paul Lawrence and Nitin Nohria describe the Golden Rule as an expression of the basic human instinct to bond with others.

The challenge executives face is how to put the Golden Rule into practice, especially when the lingua franca of financial accounting pushes the business to focus on short-term profits. “[M]orals are such a central and pervasive aspect of human life that we badly need a scientific way of understanding them,” Lawrence and Nohria write.

As CEOs Bettinger and Cathy have discovered, a Net Promoter system provides one framework to do that. When properly installed and operated, it delivers financial growth. But it also shows that those MBA class discussions and annual report rhetoric aren’t just fluff. If you build a way to measure it, you’ll find that it really does pay to be good.”

Op Ed: Suzuki’s moral relativism on ethics of oil doesn’t stand up

October 10th, 2011 by admin | 1 Comment | Filed in Business Ethics, Ethical Development, Public Sector/Government

This piece appeared in today’s Edmonton Journal.They note that it is”encouraging to see David Suzuki, the godfather of Canada’s environmental left, is finally willing to start thinking about the ethical implications of our oil sources. It would be more encouraging if he were willing to acknowledge, as almost any reasonable Canadian will, that some oil-producing countries still behave far more ethically than others.”
Anyone have a point of view they are willing to share?

Consequences of Compassion: An Interpretation and Defense of Buddhist Ethics. By Charles Goodman. Oxford;

September 30th, 2011 by admin | 1 Comment | Filed in Business Ethics, Ethical Development, Ethics training

In the workplace and in our daily relationships with friends,family and others, are we placing enough attention on compassion?Charles Goodman provides the lens to the discussion from a Buddhist perspective.

How One Whistleblowing Miner Took On Big Coal

September 14th, 2011 by admin | No Comments | Filed in Business Ethics, Case Studies

From the Huffington Post

An Interesting Report on Whistleblowing

August 27th, 2011 by admin | No Comments | Filed in Business Ethics

From the Ethics Resource Center

Mandatory Reporting of CSR Performance Is Forecast

July 6th, 2011 by admin | No Comments | Filed in Business Ethics, CSR

A group of corporate citizenship professionals and academics from around the world gathered at Boston College’s Carroll School of Management recently for a symposium sponsored by UPS, “Forecasting the Future: Non-financial Reporting for Global Companies.”

The Global Education Research Network symposium hosted by the Center for Corporate Citizenship opened with a panel titled “Looking at the Big Picture of Non-Financial Reporting.” Moderator Brad Googins, associate professor at the Carroll School, was joined by Steve Lydenberg, partner, Strategic Vision, Domini Social Investing, and Michael Sadowski, vice president, SustainAbility Inc. Googins asked the pair of experts to roll out a crystal ball and give their take on where CSR reporting is headed.

 

You can see their forecast here

Scandals pile up in world of Canadian business

July 2nd, 2011 by admin | No Comments | Filed in Business Ethics, Corruption

Anyone who thought Canadian firms had a kinder, gentler reputation abroad than their American counterparts is out of touch with reality, writes Derek Abma of the Ottawa Citizen.

Read more

Ethics in Business-The Role of Leadership

June 24th, 2011 by admin | No Comments | Filed in Business Ethics

The focus of this article is on values, the sticky issue of ethics, and the responsibility business leaders have to “do the right thing.”

Damon Horowitz calls for a “moral operating system

June 10th, 2011 by admin | No Comments | Filed in Business Ethics, Moral Philosophy

At TEDxSiliconValley, Damon Horowitz reviews the enormous new powers that technology gives us: to know more — and more about each other — than ever before. Drawing the audience into a philosophical discussion, Horowitz invites us to pay new attention to the basic philosophy — the ethical principles — behind the burst of invention remaking our world. Where’s the moral operating system that allows us to make sense of it?

Virtue Is Good Business: Confucianism as a Practical Business Ethics

June 6th, 2011 by admin | No Comments | Filed in Business Ethics

Continuing with our exploration of religious approaches to business ethics ,this article examines the relevance and value of Confucian Ethics to contemporary Business Ethics by comparing their respective perspectives and approaches towards business activities within the modern capitalist framework, the principle of reciprocity and the concept of human virtues.

The Nasty Truth about CEO Pay

June 4th, 2011 by admin | No Comments | Filed in Business Ethics

The title of this article by Roger Martin the Dean of the Rotman School of Management at the University of Toronto in Canada speaks for itself.Or…Does it?
Any views?

A Lesson from Warren Buffet about Ethical Blind Spots

June 1st, 2011 by admin | No Comments | Filed in Business Ethics, Case Studies

This is an excerpt from a book by Max Bazerman ,the Jesse Isidor Straus professor of business administration at Harvard Business School and his new book Blind Spots: Why We Fail to Do What’s Right and What to Do About It.
Iwould be interested in hearing about other blind spots you may have discovered .

The Buddhist Perspective on Business Ethics: Experiential Exercises for Exploration and Practice

May 23rd, 2011 by admin | No Comments | Filed in Business Ethics

Continuing our exploration of how the great faith traditions approach business ethics we invite Stephen J. Gould into the conversation.As he notes “while Buddhism focuses on the same ethical concerns as Western ethical traditions, it provides a distinct perspective and method for dealing with them” His paper outlines the basic Buddhist perspective and then provides some experiential exercises which offer insight for self-understanding and ethical practices in business.He also discusses the implications for business and ethics research.

Business Ethics: a Jewish Perspective

May 23rd, 2011 by admin | No Comments | Filed in Business Ethics

This is the third in a series of postings inquiring how the great faith traditions approach business ethics, The essential message found in the classic Jewish discussions of business ethics is to go about your business by always being mindful that good faith business is no small task.It requires the creation of a level economic playing-field. It assumes that the weak need to be protected from exploitation… but the powerful sometimes need protection as well. Two videos show the how it is put into practice .Watch the video here on Money and Morals

An Islamic Approach to Business Ethics

May 23rd, 2011 by NSteinberg | No Comments | Filed in Business Ethics

This is a second in a series of postings looking at business ethics from a religious perspective.In this article we view business ethics through the lens of Islam.We learn that Islam approaches business ethics from a variety of perspectives including trustworthiness,truthfulness,and the honoring of obligations.

Ethical and Religious Issues that Arise in Modern Business

May 22nd, 2011 by admin | No Comments | Filed in Business Ethics

I would like to start a discussion about how the world’s great faith traditions approach the ethics of
business.This is the first of these posts.A place to begin is with the Journal of Religion and Business Ethics, a peer-reviewed journal that examines the ethical and religious issues that arise in the modern business setting.” While much attention has been given to the philosophical treatment of business ethics, this is the first journal to address the more inclusive scope of religious ethics and their understanding of right and just economic relationships.” Another place to begin our exploration is with this summary of the approaches of the major faith traditions

Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct- 2010 Amendments

January 12th, 2011 by admin | No Comments | Filed in Business Ethics, Codes

For those of you about to amend your own code of conduct or go through a similar exercise, you may find this of interest.

Congratulations to Chris MacDonald, named a Top 100 Thought Leader in Trustworthy Business Behavior

January 12th, 2011 by admin | No Comments | Filed in Business Ethics

Here is Chris in his own words and some of his thoughts on being named.

”The focus on “trust” in this listing is interesting. There’s probably not much to differentiate this list from a listing of thought-leaders in, say, business ethics or CSR. That’s not to say that a different title wouldn’t have changed the list at all; but basically all such lists, whether they’re of companies or of individuals, are about the doing the right thing in business or about promoting and fostering such behaviour.

But I do like the focus on trust. I think the role of trust in commerce simply cannot be overstated. Business — and that includes consumers interacting with any business — simply cannot happen without trust. Consider, for example, how crucial trust is…

* …whenever you buy any consumer product, and thereby trust not just the person who sold it to you, but dozens or perhaps even hundreds of people who helped make that product.
* …whenever one business buys something from another business, just by picking up the phone and saying, “Hey, please send us a box of X, and we’ll pay you at the end of the month.”
* …whenever anyone is employed by anyone else. (In that case, the employer trusts the employee not to shirk as soon as the employer’s back is turned, and the employee trusts the employer to pay the agreed-upon amount at the end of the day or week or whatever.)
* …whenever you give some of your money to a bank, ask them to hold onto it for you, and then (as most of us do) take their word for it when they tell you how much interest you’ve earned (or, more likely, how much interest you owe them on the money you’ve borrowed).
* …whenever you climb into a taxi, or sit down at a restaurant to eat. (The driver or waiter is trusting that you will actually pay your bill at the end, rather than make a dash for it.)
* …whenever you pick up the phone to order pizza. (The fact that it actually shows up means that they trust you to pay for it when it gets there.)

Basically, all of us, in our organizational lives and in our lives as consumers, end up trusting dozens and perhaps hundreds of people (and many many business organizations, too) during the course of our daily lives.

Of course, sometimes we use specific mechanisms to enforce trustworthiness — policies, laws, regulations, warrantees, contracts, etc. But all the formal enforcement mechanisms in the world couldn’t possibly keep a complex modern economy running, in the absence of a fundamental ethical commitment to trustworthy behaviour.”